Oedipus complex and relationships in ‘Sons and Lovers’ Essay

David Herbert Lawrence became born in 1885 in Nottinghamshire, England in which his father changed into a miner. His revel in growing up in a coal-mining circle of relatives provided an awful lot of the foundation for Sons and Lovers. Lawrence had many affairs with ladies in his existence, together with a longstanding relationship with Jessie Chambers (on whom the person of Miriam is primarily based), an engagement to Louie Burrows, and an eventual elopement to Germany with Frieda Weekley. Sons and Lovers become written in 1913, and consists of many autobiographical details. His formative years coal-mining city of Eastwood changed into modified, with a sardonic twist, to Bestwood. Walter Morel changed into modeled on Lawrence’s tough-ingesting, irresponsible collier father, Arthur. Lydia became Gertrude Morel, the intellectually stifled, unhappy mom who lives through her sons. The death of certainly one of Lawrence’s elder brothers, Ernest, and Lydia’s grief and eventual obsession with Lawrence, seem hardly ever modified within the novel. (Both Ernest and his fictional correspondent, William, had been engaged to London stenographers). Filling out the solid of vital characters changed into Jessie Chambers, a neighbor with whom Lawrence developed an intense friendship, and who would come to be Miriam Leiver in the novel. His mom and own family disapproved of their relationship, which continually appeared getting ready to romance. Nevertheless, Chambers become Lawrence’s greatest literary supporter in his early years, and he often showed her drafts of what he turned into operating on, along with Sons and Lovers (she disliked her depiction, and it brought about the dissolution of their relationship). Lawrence’s future wife, Frieda von Richtofen Weekly, partly inspired the portrait of Clara Dawes, the older, sensual lady with whom Paul has an affair. Considered Lawrence’s first masterpiece, most critics of the day praised Sons and Lovers for its true remedy of industrial lifestyles and sexuality. There is proof that Lawrence changed into privy to Sigmund Freud’s early theories on sexuality, and Sons and Lovers deeply explores and revises of one in all Freud’s fundamental theories, the Oedipus complex. Still, the e-book obtained a few complaint from folks that felt the writer had long past too a ways in his description of Paul’s burdened sexuality. Sons and Lovers became the primary modern-day portrayal of a phenomenon that later, way to Freud, became effortlessly recognizable as the Oedipus complex. Never become a son more tied to his mother’s love and full of hatred for his father than Paul Morel, D. H. Lawrence’s younger protagonist. Never, this is, besides possibly Lawrence himself. In his 1913 novel he came to grips with the discordant loves that haunted him all his life–for his religious youth sweetheart, right here called Miriam, and for his mom, whom he transformed into Mrs. Morel. It is, by way of Lawrence’s personal account, a e-book aimed toward depicting this woman’s grasp: â€Å"as her sons develop up she selects them as lovers–first the eldest, then the second. These sons are entreated into lifestyles with the aid of their reciprocal love of their mother–urged on and on. But when they arrive to manhood, they can’t love, because their mom is the strongest electricity in their lives. † Of route, Mrs. Morel takes neither of her two elder sons as a literal lover, but despite the fact that her mental snare is monstrous. She loathes Paul’s Miriam from the begin, expertise that the girl’s deep love of her son will oust her: â€Å"She’s not like an ordinary lady, who can leave me my share in him. She wants to absorb him. † Meanwhile, Paul performs his element with identical fervor, incapable of committing himself in both course: â€Å"Why did his mom take a seat at home and go through?†¦ And why did he hate Miriam, and experience so merciless closer to her, on the concept of his mother. If Miriam triggered his mother suffering, then he hated her–and he without problems hated her. † Soon thereafter he even confesses to his mother: â€Å"I without a doubt don’t love her. I communicate to her, but I want to come home to you. † The end result of all that is that Paul throws Miriam over for a married suffragette, Clara Dawes, who fulfills the sexual thing of his ascent to manhood however leaves him with out a entire dating to venture his love for his mom. When Paul, physically aroused, finds no herbal reaction inside the woman who seems to love him-Miriam, he's careworn, helpless, and becomes even cruel. Unable to say himself, or maybe to simply accept as herbal his longings he is not able to preserve inside the non secular courting with the girl—due to the fact his mother on my own already owns his soul. The relationship is ended, Paul’s character suffers a form of tearing or splitting and in his next courting Paul realizes at some subconscious level he must go away his soul fairly unfastened for his mother and take part on a sort of indifferent physical degree. Thus, in his dating with Clara, it is the on the whole bodily maleness of Paul bonding with the in most cases physical femaleness. Obviously the risk is to oversimplify the Paul/Miriam and Paul/Clara relationships. It is actual that the contact with Clara puts Paul at the least temporarily into richer contact together with his own body, his phallic cognizance, as Lawrence might say, whereas in his sterile relationships with his mother and Miriam Paul has needed to forego this fuller focus. Now he studies what he believes is a kind of paradisiacal kind of love and success. In any case, all the relationships in Sons and Lovers seem to contain strength struggles: Mrs. Morel extracts power from her husband by way of turning from his sexual presence and then dominating, even emasculating her sons; she controls Paul’s devotion via the imposition of her values and aspirations and therefore weights down their dating. The balance of energy in relationships appears to be an important concern of D. H. Lawrence, considering the fact that it's miles appears time and again again to be liable for the loss of life of love. Lawrence’s women and men will now not be managed, possessed or misplaced in another individual’s fact. D. H. Lawrence’s perpetual look for the archetypal human courting impacts all his fiction and specially Sons and Lovers, his coming of age novel. It is here that his preoccupation with the love ethic and the profound break up resulting from the imbalance or â€Å"power solid,† of most relationships are so nakedly found out. The incomplete and imperfect relationships of Sons and Lovers are most of the maximum mentioned and analyzed in English Literature. Paul Morel’s imprisoning relationship along with his mother cripples all his different relationships.

Analysis Of The Odds And Against The Common Good - 990 Words

Analysis of the odds The lottery in this country is a big past time for Americans. It gives hope to the hopeless and disappointment to a multitude of participants. A quick view of statistical information regarding the lottery shows that out of all people who take part in this country wide phenomenon, each individual person has a 1 in 175,223,510 chance of hitting the jackpot (AmericanStatisticalAssociation.org). The author of â€Å"Against The Odds and Against the Common Good†, argues that the state lotteries are â€Å"urging people to gamble†. Gloria Jimenez, of whom is the author of â€Å"Against The Odds and Against the Common Good†, creates assumptions that support her stance on her argument. Jimenez also uses the viewpoint from people who disagree with her logic, by stating various counter statements that contradict her stance. To fully understand Jimenez, we have to view the different factors of her stance on why states should not be urging people to gamble , assumptions that she makes to support her stance and countering views of people who don’t necessarily agree with her argument. First and foremost, Jimenez argues the lotteries effect on the majority of lower class Americans and people who are effected by the addiction to gamble. Jimenez backs up this argument by telling of the â€Å"Deceptive slogans† used to tempt the less fortunate. Among the slogans used, she emphasizes on the slogan â€Å"This could be your ticket out†. This is one of many slogans that explicitlyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Against the Odds and Against the Common Good1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe following two paragraphs are a summary of Gloria Jimenezs essay Against the Odds and Against the Common Good. States should neither allow nor encourage state-run lotteries. There are five major arguments that people use to defend lotteries. One is that most lotteries are run honestly, but if gambling is harmful to society it is irrelevant to argue if they are honest or not. The second is that lotteries create jobs, but there are only a small handful of jobs that would be eliminated if lotteriesRead MoreAnalysis of Gloria Jimenezs Against All Odds and Against the Common Good1049 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Analysis Gloria Jimà ©nez wrote an essay at Tuffs University in 2003 named, â€Å"Against All Odds and Against the Common Good (Jimà ©nez 116). The purpose of this essay is to persuade and support the following thesis: â€Å"Still, when all is said and done about lotteries bringing a vast amount of money into the lives of many people into the lives of a few, the states should not be in the business of urging people to gamble (Jimà ©nez 116).† The evidenceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Logit Model945 Words   |  4 PagesWhile the fourth H0 was accepted that there is no significant relationship between quality management and project financial performance. This logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict project financial performcnace using time schedule, scope , cost control and quality management as predictors. A test of the full model against a constant only model was statistically significant, indicating that the independent variables as a set, influenced project financial performance (chi square =Read MorePPARG Case Study1224 Words   |  5 Pagesinclusion criteria: 1) prospective cohort or case control studies, 2) all the studies had a similar purpose of investigating the association of Po12Ala polymorphism with DN, 3) enough information to calculate odds ratio. The studies not providing enough information were excluded from the meta-analysis. Data extraction Genotype data for the target polymorphism was carefully extracted independently by two of the authors. The following data were considered: first author, year of publication, country of studyRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1004 Words   |  5 Pagestheir grandmother Momma, because she was a parental figure to both of them. In her young years Maya struggled with the absence of her parents and that neglect from them. Along with this she struggled with insecurities about her beauty, because the common depiction of beauty around her were white women, and she didn’t look like them. Maya also grew up in a very racist cultured town. She experienced things such as lynching mobs, and seeing cotton pickers take the field on a daily. Maya is eventuallyRead MoreA Study On Sudden Infant Death Syndrome1664 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent of smoking and non-smoking mothers. And lastly, the results of different smoking habits in the Scandinavian countries were investigated and analyse d. The principal objective in this case-control study is to provide a valid and reasonably good estimate answer to the unexplained deaths. In practice, this objective is usually supplemented by several others. A typical objective would be to link the disadvantages of smoking and health risks to the unborn baby and any other dangers smoking couldRead MoreCompare and Contrast paper911 Words   |  4 Pagescultures. An in-depth analysis will give us a thorough explanation of people’s discriminatory attitude. Of how they can be rude to those who do not dance their music. Another thing worth valuing in both the movie and the story is the fact that they depicted the harsh reality of peasantry. The story has the touch of simplicity but the detailed feature of the movie made the subject more colorful. At the outset, it would seem that the story is not far from ordinary against-all-odds type of a love storyRead MoreKirstie Williams. Benson. English 271 Distance Education.1481 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay, we will analyze Utopia’s role in the common laws, the religious freedoms, and dystopia/utopia similarities throughout More’s literature. I. Introduction A. Imagine you are a sailor, sailing the vast emptiness of the ocean. B. To your dismay, the storm thrashes waves against your boat. C. You find yourself on the island of Thomas More’s Utopia D. Some facts about Thomas More II. Common Law / Commonplace / Customs A. The commons in Thomas More’s Utopia are drastically different fromRead MoreExecutive Summary : Uber Technologies Inc.1299 Words   |  6 Pagesto expand its business in India which is one of the largest markets outside of the United States. The timing of their expansion in India was questioned because the government planned on banning Uber on accounts of criminal conduct and rape charges against one of its drivers. It was also being questioned for its ethics. It is facing an ever growing competition from Olacabs and Mumbai’s Kaali-Peeli taxis. Start-ups are getting acquainted with the business model of the company and are looking to gainRead MoreThe American Dream Is A Good Education1100 Words   |  5 Pagespreparation needed to begin the process of achieving the American dream is through a good education. Going to a good College/University is the first step. There are lots of examples of well educated people individuals achieving significant success and wealth in their lives. It is possible to achieve the American Dream without a proper education, but the odds of that happening are quite low. However, some people beat the odds and achieve the American Dream without finishing their education, Some examples

Organ donation the people right or ought to the government make a law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 898 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Organ Donation Essay Did you like this example? According to organ donation information by this time the following day, 20 humans in america whore alive right now might be lifeless and 20 human beings will die due to the fact the organ transplant they need will not be viable. Organ donation is right, however human beings need to have the right to pick out if they need to donate their organs. Organ donation is the system of surgically removing organs from one man or woman and transplanting them into a person in need. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Organ donation: the people right or ought to the government make a law?" essay for you Create order In either case, tissue and organ donation is noticeably beneficial because it saves lives and facilitates further medical studies. If the donor is dead, however his or her organs may want to save peoples life must the government determine to transplant the organ to the person who wished the organ or the parent. Organ and tissue donation is beneficial is that it enables store lives. In line with the u.S. Department of health and human services, you may shop up to 8 lives thru organ donation and decorate many others via tissue donation (organ donation statistics). Organ donation allows sufferers who wont survive their illness, which affords them a 2nd chance at existence. The recognition of organ donation and the numbers of donations are developing unexpectedly in the united states. But, there may be still a enormous want for organ donation. In keeping with the u.S. Department of health and human offerings, 116,441 people are waiting for an organ, and 18 humans will die each day looking forward to an organ (organ donation facts). These facts should still be lessened. If we increased public consciousness, improved efficiency of the donation system, greater expectancies for transplantation, growth of the residing donor, and the development of standardized donor control device of rules governing affairs have caused exceptional prices of organ procurement and transplantation. In line with challenges of organ shortage for transplantation: solutions and opportunities bt r. F. Saidi and s. K. Hejazi kenari in latest years there was a growing interest in donors who have severe and irreversible brain accidents however do no longer meet the standards for brain demise. if the medical doctor and circle of relatives agree that the affected person has no chance of restoration to a meaningful lifestyles, life support can be discontinued and the patient can be allowed to development to circulatory arrest and then still donate organs. Growing usage of marginal organs has been encouraged to cope with the organ shortage. Some other manner that organ and tissue donation is useful is due to the fact people can determine to have their body and organs donated to science. If one comes to a decision to donate his/her body to technology, it helps scientists and docs to have a look at the body and come up with new ways to help treatment sicknesses and improve lives. For instance, in step with must the government decide if youre an organ donor by using casey leins if our bodies or organs have been now not donated to technology experiments, then researchers might have a hard time finding therapies to sicknesses and increasing their understanding of the organs. organ donation helps medical researcher to enhance education, shop lives, and enhance the best of lifestyles. Not all organs are capable of be donated or transferred to another affected person easily, so through donating ones frame to analyze it may assist researchers discover new treatment options and treatments for illnesses. Donating your organs als o can help in school settings where students in medical faculty are getting ready to become a physician. Organ and tissue donation is very beneficial to many when its far donated to investigate and technology. Organ and tissue donation is also beneficial in imparting people with clinical know-how human beings donate their our bodies for scientific studies and for humans to see what the human frame looks as if on a very new stage. The our bodies are preserved thru plastination, which allows visitors to see the interior of the human frame. In step with authors of the object human body well-knownshows: public opinion of younger individuals and present day bioethics, the well-knownshows of plastinated cadavers and organs have attracted tens of millions of visitors globally, even as elevating critical controversy about their content and reason of implementation (kordali et al. 433). The writer wants to train the general public about everyday and pathological anatomy if you want to amend their lifestyle. This may be affected by certified anatomy demonstrators in graduated steps in keeping with the cohorts age, training, career, and health reputation (kordali et al. 433). If people understand th at there are ugly that they are able to take to assist prevent them from sure sicknesses, they may simply follow it. This show off helps make human beings greater aware about their frame. In a end, tissue and organ donation is notably beneficial as it saves lives and allows in addition scientific studies. Likewise, one can be a postmortem donor, wherein case his or her organs or entire frame can be donated. Organ donation is ideal, but people need to have the proper to pick if they want to donate their organs. Those adjustments are coincident with extra organ call for. The transplant community and policy makers ought to bear in mind each option to expand the donor, keep away from organ discards, and encourage the practices to optimize usage of marginal organs.

Facebook Does NOT Make Us Lonely - 1331 Words

At first, I agreed with Stephen Marche, author of â€Å"Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?†, but after doing some of my own research I would like to retract my original position. We cannot blame technology for our own human condition. However Stephen Marche begs to differ. â€Å"At the forefront of all this unexpectedly lonely interactivity is Facebook, with 845 million users and $3.7 billion in revenue last year† (Marche). Stephen Marche believes Facebook is making us lonely because it is changing the dynamics of traditional friendships (Marche). He also blames Facebook for the rise in human isolation. From 1950 to 2010 a 17 percent increase in households of one were reported (Marche). Does Marche not realize that many happy Americans†¦show more content†¦I cannot emphasize enough, that this is a choice people make. You are the company you keep and if surrounding oneself with shallow, empty people is more desirable than that of the solid friendships one has nurtu red for years, loneliness is one’s own fault. If Stephen is looking for something to blame, he should try the egotistical nature of ourselves rather than a social media platform. Facebook encourages a form of digital communication that plays nicely with people’s desire for instant gratification while satisfying human curiosity with constant news feed and status updates. Be warned, Facebook does not come with a user guide. Marche cautions us that improper use will result in loneliness and compromised health (Marche). Unfortunately, resisting this sultry temptress will not protect you from her. The worldwide Facebook obsession makes anyone without an account feel left out and alone. However, when used properly The New Yorker reports a new study that proves â€Å"active users get positive brain stimuli when engaging with the Facebook platform, while lurkers tend to feel increases in loneliness and dissatisfaction† (Hu). So yes, it appears Facebook may play a sma ll role in loneliness, however, the author does not explicitly state that Facebook is the only culprit. He is eager to recite numerous facts about loneliness and its negative effects but, it is hard for me to agree that Facebook is the sole contributor, ifShow MoreRelatedUses and Gratification Research6727 Words   |  27 Pageswhich people put media and the gratifications they seek from that use. (Baran, S.J., Daris, D.K., 2006) It emphasizes the audiences rather than the actual message because it more focuses on what audiences will do with the media instead of what media does to the people. Blumler and Katz’s Uses and Gratification Theory recommend media users should take a dynamic role in interpreting and integrating media into their lives because they have alternate choices to gratify their own need. (Uses and gratificationsRead MoreSocial Networking Industry Analysis7337 Words   |  30 Pagescyber. The social networking sites, as a new online practice since late 1990s , has gained noticeable popularity among Netizens. The social networking sites have been penetrating into people‟s daily life. Create a profile on a social networking site, make friends, and tell the others what you are doing at the moment, all these have become a new lifestyle of people today, especially young people. Moreover, it has become a new multimedia platform for users sharing their own lives with other people. ToRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesfor Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 Ethical Dilemma Jekyll and Hyde 33 Case Incident 1 â€Å"Lessons for ‘Undercover’ Bosses†Read MoreIntercultural Communication21031 Words   |  85 PagesFRAMEWORK ...the single greatest barrier to business success is the one erected by culture. Edward T. Hall and Mildred Reed Hall Why study Intercultural Communication? Cultural diversity and multiculturalism are the realities of everyday life for almost everyone. The growth of interdependence of people and cultures in the global society of the twenty-first century has forced us to pay more attention to intercultural issues. In order to live and function in this multicultural environment

My Quinceanera Essay Sample free essay sample

Observing a quinceanera was non merely about holding a large party but besides a tradition that helped determine me into the individual I am today. To about all adolescent misss what comes to mind when they think or hear about a quinceanera is the party. They imagine the frock. the limousine. the tremendous response hall and the dance. Problem is ; that most eager birthday misss including myself. it takes the whole experience to truly understand how symbolic and meaningful the jubilation truly is. Although it may merely be a large fifteenth birthday party to some misss but. for me it was an oculus opening learning experience. A quinceanera is the jubilation of a immature woman’s coming of age. In the Spanish linguistic communication â€Å"quince† means 15. the age that a Hispanic miss becomes a adult female. The term quinceanera refers to both the immature adult female and the name of the jubilation. We will write a custom essay sample on My Quinceanera Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This jubilation is composed of two every bit of import events. One event is a mass that is specially organized and decorated for the quinceanera. The 2nd event is a party that is made possible by the parents of the birthday miss and sometimes patrons. Patrons are normally household members and friends who financially help the parents make the party a success. The quinceanera is usually spoiled with an amazing frock and tiara because it their twenty-four hours to reflect and be the centre of attending. I can clearly retrieve go toing many quinceaneras when I was younger. The birthday misss ever looked so beautiful. happy and grown up. Their response halls overruning with alone and astonishing ornaments. I remember that everything looked and felt surreal. It was so fairytale like and they were the princesses. and at that age what girl didn’t want to experience or look like one. It is rather memorable to me that I would continuously supplicate my parents to let me to hold my ain. yet I was merely eight at the clip and still had some clip to travel. There was a pink notebook with violet butterflies that I would compose out precisely how I wanted my party to be. Every item was included. whether it was the nutrient that was traveling to be served to the people that I wanted to be my patrons because I knew my household could neer afford a party of that size. Then. when I eventually turned 14 the planning started. Since my household couldn’t afford everything on their ain. I remember sing friends and household to inquire them if they were able to patronize my quinceanera. Most people merrily agreed while others offered their aid on their ain. I focused on everything to be so perfect. non that I think of it. everything seems more mercenary than anything. My tiara had to be large and glistening. the places ; silky and dazzling and the frock ; sparkly and elegant. My make-up had to be unflawed and my hair perfect. the bar and response hall had to be attractively decorated. To sum it up. everything had to be amazing. shiny and unmarred. However. when the twenty-four hours eventually came it did non experience as fairy tale like and I had expected. That twenty-four hours I awoke early for brand make-up and hair to be done. so rapidly sit off in my limo for the twenty-four hours to church. The mass went good but one time it was over my tribunal and I headed to the response hall. Once at that place. I noticed about five 100 people. friends and household from all over California and the U. S. Then once it was clip for the male parent girl dance. alternatively of care foring that minute we talked about minor party inside informations. By 12am one time the party was over and everything was acquiring cleaned up I felt relieved that the twenty-four hours had eventually concluded. However. merely like I explained how my quinceaneras unfolded was how it really was. event after even and I neer felt the flicker I had imagined as a kid. For a little minute I felt like a princess but non like I believed it would wholly experience . Then that dark. as I thought about my quinceanera. I realized all the small inside informations that composed my jubilation. My parents had to take out loans and spent a great trade of clip planning and doing certain everything turned out how I wanted it to be. The patrons that helped me merely did it because they knew how much I wanted my quinceanera and they wanted to see me happy on my twenty-four hours. All my household that had traveled a long distance had done it for me and to be able to observe my birthday with me. While I put off my frock and tiara I realized that it was clip to appreciate the fantastic household and community that surrounded me. Besides. that I will ever hold my parents love and back up in the determinations I make. Last. that it was clip to turn up. I was no longer a princess. I was a adult female and I had to move like one. Having my quinceanera was non merely about the party I had but the lessons and disclosures that came with it. I learned that I have a strong community and household environing me. who will ever be available in times of demand. Besides. being mercenary will merely do you happy for a period of clip but in order to be content one must be low and appreciate the small things in life.

Marketing and Virtual Value Chain free essay sample

It considers how the different recourses and capabilities of a firm are used in conjunction with one another. Rather than looking at the individual activities of a firm, this approach evaluates the processes of a firm and how they can be used to create strategies that provide superior value to customers. The activity-based approach, on the other hand, measures the value and competitive advantage of a firm by analyzing individual activities in the firm’s value chain. Activities identified in the firm’s value chain include those activities that can provide a competitive advantage for a firm; such activities should have economics of scale or scope Competency-based thinking allows companies to align its strengths with the business opportunities and eliminate weaknesses in order to avoid threats creates a ‘strategic fit’ between its internal competencies and the external environment. The competence-based thinking allows businesses to investigate and understand the entire picture of the organizational structures and actual practices in order to understand the current situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and Virtual Value Chain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It can improve and enhance the current practice and further plan for the future. Competency development can take place over a period of time if the company has measures in place to ensure that employees learn and develop the competencies as their careers progress. Competency-based thinking in e-business strategy can be an effective model for businesses to use also. Small business owners must be able to develop technical competencies to thrive in the field of e-business. One of the primary barriers that many small business owners face in e-business is the lack of know-how in the development of effective websites and marketing strategies used to develop a web presence. Managers and business owners need to constantly update their knowledge of the Internet and the effective measures used by other companies to develop their business. The competence-based approach looks at how the resources and capabilities of a firm interact across different functions and activities. The core competencies of a firm are comprised of individual activities; therefore, the activities of a firm are also addressed in this approach. The activities-based approach, on the other hand, considers only the individual activities of a firm. It neglects to fully consider the processes and resources of a firm (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 86). 2) Think critically of possible applications of the virtual value chain concept within specific industries and business sectors. Are there some specify business sectors where this concept fits better than in other sectors? The virtual value chain is useful in many different industries and business sectors. For instance, e-businesses operating in the online retail industry can benefit immensely by developing a virtual value chain. Customer information can be used to help make a more personalized experience for the customer. An e-business retailer could provide product recommendations based on previously purchased or view items; enable the customer to view order status and order history; and develop personalized sales based on spending habits. For example, Old Navy emails advertisements and sale information to customers based on past purchases. Also, if a customer has an Old Navy credit card, they can view history of items they purchased in the store through Old Navy’s website. Another industry in which the virtual value chain is applicable is the credit card industry. Credit card companies allow customers to view transaction history and statements through secure websites. They also allow customers to make payments and update their personal information all in one place. Customers can monitor their spending limits intermittently before they receive their statement through the mail. Transaction information is available through a credit card’s website as soon as a sale is made. Both customers and the credit card companies, themselves, have benefit greatly by utilizing such information. Customers can now access information via the Internet, rather than call a customer service representative on the phone. The medical industry is another field in which the virtual value chain can enhance a customer’s experience. Healthcare providers are now creating personalized records for their customers online. Information gathered via claims sent to the insurance company is being used to update an individual’s personal health record on the Internet. This enables the customer to easily maintain medical records, receive updates when they are due for routine visits and tests, and keep track of prescription refills. The virtual value change is particularly useful for the sales and marketing business sector. Sales and marketing activities can go a long way by utilizing the virtual value chain. Customer information gathered in a number of industries can be used for virtual marketing efforts. Advertising can be accomplished on the web and through email. Companies can filter through customer databases to segregate their customers into different groups, such as existing customers, prospect customers, or inactive customers. Such information can be utilized to tailor specialized marketing efforts based on a customer’s status, preferences, etc. Although the virtual value chain provides a vast amount of benefits to most industries, it fits better in some business sectors than others. For example, the sales and marketing sector can better utilize the virtual value chain than the construction and engineering sectors. While information gather about customers in the construction and engineering sectors are valuable; there are not many applications to provide benefits to individual customers via the virtual marketspace. As well, the virtual value chain is more appropriate for industries and business sectors with repeat customers. Business sectors that tend to have one-time customers, based on the nature of the business, cannot receive much benefit from the virtual value chain. The virtual value chain is a powerful tool; however, it can be put to greater use in some industries over others. 3) Explain critically assess the ICDT framework and pinpoint its shortcomings. The ICDT framework was conceptualized by Albert Angehm. This model provides companies with a tool to assess the virtual market space and the range of activities they can utilize to interact with their customers (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 7). Such interactions help an e-business to enhance their customers’ overall experience, which in turn, can increase their market share. A breakdown of the ICDT framework follows. The ICDT framework provides companies with a systematic approach to developing effective e-business strategies. The model was developed for traditional bricks-and-mortar companies looking to expand into the virtual market space. T he model enables a company to evaluate the opportunities within the virtual market space and develop ways in which they can benefit from such opportunities. According to the ICDT framework, there are four dimensions and types of activities which an e-business can offer to its customers, as follows: Information activities: Information activities lay within the virtual information space. Information activities consist of marketing and knowledge sharing via the Internet. Companies can use the virtual information space to implement marketing and advertising campaigns, post information about their products and services, and enable customers to view the availability of products (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 87). Many companies now integrate their online information activities with their offline activities. For example, when on Target’s website, a customer can find out if a certain product is in stock at their local Target store. Communication activities: Communications activities take place in the virtual communication space. Communication activities consist of two-way communication between customers and businesses, businesses and businesses, and customers and customers. Such activities include email communication, message boards, and live chats (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 9). For example, when a customer has been on Sandal’s website, a vacation provider, for a couple of minutes, an instant message will appear on the screen asking if the customer has any questions or needs assistance. Transaction activities: Transaction activities occur in the virtual transaction space via e-commerce. Transaction activities involve the online placement of orders and online payment processing (Je lassi Enders, 2008, p. 89). Examples of transaction activities include the purchase and payment of cable television services on Comcast’s website. As well, most utility bills can be paid via the provider’s website. Distribution activities: Distribution activities take place in the virtual distribution space. They include the electronic distribution of digital goods, such as music, television shows, movies, e-books, and software (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 90). An example would be the online streaming of movies through Netflix’s website and television shows via Hulu. com. The virtual market spaces, as presented by the ICDT framework, provide a vast amount of opportunities for businesses to expand their opportunities to the Internet. Despite the apparent advantage of these virtual market spaces, each virtual market space also has its shortcoming. Information activities are most valuable to customers when they provide real-time, up-to-date information. When e-business first became popular, most e-businesses only provided static information. In order to successfully interact with customers via the virtual information space, companies must fully integrate and link their information activities to warehouse, production, and offline activities (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 87). Communication activities are fairly straightforward; however, the drawback of communication activities is that companies must provide timely responses to their customers. Online communication activities can quickly escalate; therefore, many e-businesses have developed automatic response systems to answer routine questions. Transaction activities, on the other hand, can be difficult to carry out. Customers tend to be leery about the websites they perform transactions over. The e-business must have a secure website and also be a reputable company. As e-commerce continues to progress, customers are getting more comfortable with online transactions (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 90). For instance, many e-commerce allow customers to perform payment transactions via PayPal, a trusted online payment facilitator. Additionally, most transactions have typically been limited to credit transactions. The shortcoming to credit transactions is that it is not economically feasible to accept credit transactions for low-priced goods. To overcome this pitfall, online micro-payment systems have been developed to facilitate the transaction of low-priced goods (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 0). Distribution activities are limited to the online capacity and capabilities of both providers and customers. It is not feasible to distribute goods to a customer with a 56-k modem. DSL and cable internet technologies have presented a mechanism to distribute digital goods online (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 90). As more customers and businesses become equip with broa dband technology, more goods will be offered in digital form. 3) Explain how an Internet can help a company to achieve a competitive advantage in the marketplace through (a) cost leadership and (b) differentiation. Illustrate each case through an actual example, other than those mentioned in this module. A cost leadership strategy is one in which a company attempts to lower their operating costs in order to provide their products and services at low prices to customers. In order to effectively gain a competitive advantage through a low cost strategy, the company must provide the minimum required benefits to customers, which are known as threshold features. Such features are required for a customer to consider a product (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 98). There are several ways in which an e-business can utilize the Internet to achieve a cost leadership strategy, as follows: Economics of scale: By increasing their level of production, a firm will decrease their unit production cost. The Internet enables an e-business to reach a large market of customers, typically larger than they could reach as a traditional bricks-and-mortar company. Therefore, the company can increase their output and lower their costs. Economics of scope: Economics of scope are achieved by expanding the variety of products and services offered by a firm, while utilizing the same assets for each offering. In other words, the company leverages their assets to spread their fixed cost over a wider range of goods and services (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 102). An e-business can achieve economics of scope by extending into new markets and reaching out to new customer groups via the Internet. Factor costs: Factor costs are the sum of all costs incurred when producing a product or service. In order to achieve a cost leadership position, an e-business can use the Internet to lower their factor costs. By reaching a larger group of customers over the Internet, an e-business can purchase raw materials or other inputs in bulk (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 02). Learning effects: After a company has been established for some time, they can lower their costs by improving their efficiency. They can use accumulated knowledge to increase productivity. The Internet can be used as an effective tool to achieve a cost leadership position. An example of an e-commerce company that has proved to be a successful co st leader is Overstock. com. Overstock. com is an online retailer which offers a wide range of products. The company’s low cost strategy includes economics of scope and a reduction in factor costs. Economics of scope are recognized by the variety of products offered by the company. Overstock. com can reach a large number of customers by offering a diverse range of products. All of the products offered on the site utilize the same assets. As well, the company purchases their products in bulk from their suppliers, which also significantly decreases their costs. Overstock. com sells their products well below the suggested retail price, which entices customers to buy from their site. A differentiation strategy, on the other hand, is one in which a company attempts to differentiate itself from competitors by offering unique and/or higher quality products. Unlike the low cost strategy, the differentiation strategy requires a company to incur higher costs and charge a higher than average price to customers. Customers are willing to pay a higher price due to the superior quality of the offering. When using a differentiation approach, it is important that the company clearly defines its market segment in order to recognize the elements which are of true value to their target audience (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 103). The Internet can also be used to achieve a differentiation strategy. To do so, an e-business must provide tangible sources of benefits which include: high product/service quality, product or service customization, convenience, fast speed of delivery, and a wide product range (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 104). Because e-business firms exist in the virtual world, each of these tangible sources of benefit can be recognized. Products can be built to order, as they do not need to be stock in a physical stock; the customer can go on one site to accomplish a variety of tasks or purchase a range of products; and orders can be quickly turned around and delivered to the customer. In addition to tangible sources of benefit, a differentiation strategy must also offer intangible benefits to the customer. These include brand and reputation. The Internet can be used to effectively leverage the brand name of an existing bricks-and-mortar company. Internet start-ups, on the other hand, must build through brand from the ground, which they can accomplish by marketing via the Internet. Reputation is also plays a major role in a differentiation strategy because customers incur less risk when purchasing from a trustworthy company (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 105). The Internet has been used to provide an effective differentiation strategy for Zappos, an online shoe retailer. The e-commerce site is known for its reputation, high level of customer service, convenience, speed of delivery, and product selection. Zappos has a wide product selection. They have vast amount of shoes available in all different fashions. They provide quick order processing and typically upgrade customers to overnight shipping for free. When returning or exchanging a product, they provide the shipping label and pick up the costs. Zappos has continued to differentiate itself from competitors by branching ut into television advertising. In 2010, they released a series of quirky, eye catching television commercials which have generated a lot of attention on the Internet. Their ads can be found on YouTube, as well as spoofs of their ads. This has drawn attention to Zappos, increased awareness of their site, and heightened their reputation. The Internet is a powerful tool whi ch can be used to build effective cost leadership and differentiation strategies. Many e-business companies have achieved competitive advantages by exploiting the capabilities of the Internet. As technology and the Internet continue to evolve, it will be interesting to see how e-businesses will use the Internet in the future. 5) Describe how a company can look for new market spaces outside its own industry. Numerous e-business firms have successfully implemented competitive advantage strategies via the Internet. Such strategies typically include a cost leadership and/or differentiation strategy. Many e-business firms have attempted to exploit the capabilities of the Internet to achieve both types of advantages. In other words, they achieve neither a cost leadership or differentiation position and project a confusing image to their customers. Many companies fall victim to the challenges of implementing both a low-cost and differentiation strategy. A low-cost strategy typically requires a company to forgo superior quality and enhanced features in order to provide a lower cost than competitors; whereas, a differentiation strategy requires a company to charge higher costs due to the increased costs of producing high quality goods or services. The low-cost and differentiation strategies have a tendency to conflict with one another; therefore, when many companies try to achieve a competitive advantage by implementing both strategies, they can easily get stuck somewhere in the middle (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 105). Such companies end up being perceived as average, run-of-the-mill companies that do not provide any increased benefits to their customer. When developing a strategy, a company is required to make tradeoffs. They may have to trade high quality for a low cost, or vice versa. However, current research has shown that when a company has the right factors in place, they can effectively accomplish both a low-cost and differentiation strategy simultaneously. This is known as an outpacing strategy. An outpacing strategy can be accomplished by developing new technologies, reducing wastefulness and increasing efficiencies, achieving economies of scale, and exploiting learning effects (Jelassi Enders, 2008, p. 108). Over the past decade, many e-business firms have utilized the Internet to achieve effect outpacing strategies and decreased their risk of getting stuck in the middle. The Internet provides ways for companies to increase their production levels by streamlining many of their processes. They can utilize new technologies which allow them to provide higher quality goods at low costs. Dell Computers is a great example of a company that has utilized both a cost leadership and differentiation strategy. Dell links their supply directly to demand. They build computers after the customer has placed their order. Their order process and logistics have been streamlined due to information technologies. Dell has a strong brand, a solid reputation, superior customer service, and offers innovative products all at a low cost to customers. Both differentiation and cost leadership have been the focus of Dell’s strategy. They have proven that a company can successfully implement an outpacing strategy without getting stuck in the middle, as long as the right technology and factors are in place. References Jelassi, T. , Enders, A. (2008). Strategies for e-business: Creating value through electronic and mobile commerce. (2nd ed. ). London, UK: Prentice Hall.

Definition and Examples of Apologia in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Apologia in Rhetoric Definition: In classical rhetoric, communication studies, and public relations, an apologia is a  speech that defends, justifies, and/or apologizes for an action or statement. Plural: apologia. Adjective: apologetic. Also known as a  speech of self-defense. In an article* in the Quarterly Journal of Speech (1973), B.L. Ware and W.A. Linkugel identified four common strategies in apologetic discourse: denial (directly or indirectly rejecting the substance, intent, or consequence of the questionable act) bolstering (attempting to enhance the image of the individual under attack) differentiation (distinguishing the questionable act from more serious or harmful actions) transcendence (placing the act in a different context) *They Spoke in Defense of Themselves: On the Generic Criticism of Apologia See Examples and Observations below. Also see: OratoryPersuasionRhetoric What Are the Three Branches of Rhetoric? EtymologyFrom the Greek, away from speech Examples and Observations There may be several purposes for apologia rhetoric, including to explain the behavior or statement in a positive light, justify the behavior to minimize damage to image and character, or remove the topic from public discussion so that other issues may be discussed.(Colleen E. Kelley, The Rhetoric of First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton: Crisis Management Discourse. Praeger, 2001) The Rhetoric of Damage ControlSome genres are so complex and high stakes that they require a special kind of rhetorical maneuvering and critical assessment. One such animal is what Aristotle called an apologiaor what we label today as the rhetoric of self-defense, damage-control, image-repair, or crisis management. . . .Its indebtedness to all three genres [deliberative, judicial, and epideictic], but its allegiance to none, makes the apologia a challenging rhetorical hybrid to create and critique (Campbell Huxman, 2003, pp. 293-294). . . . .The genre [of apologia] is a public purging of sins and a reaffirmat ion of the ethical norms of society dressed up in theatrical proportions to bring pleasure to spectators; it is the most intimate form of secular discourse. Success in this arena requires a let it all hang out (remorse, pride, outrage) approach. The visual media are especially equipped to provide the excess and exaggeration that this type of theater demands.(Susan Schultz Huxman, Exigencies, Explanations, and Executions: Toward a Dynamic Theory of the Crisis Communications Genre. Responding to Crisis: A Rhetorical Approach to Crisis Communication, ed. by Dan P. Millar and Robert L. Heath. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004) BP CEOs Apologia for the Gulf Oil Spill (May 31, 2010)The first thing to say is Im sorry. . . . We’re sorry for the massive disruption it’s caused their lives. There’s no one who wants this over more than I do. I would like my life back.†(Tony Hayward, televised speech in Venice, Louisiana, May 31, 2010) Bill Clintons Apologia: The Monica Lewinsky Affair (Aug. 17, 1998)Good evening.This afternoon in this room, from this chair, I testified before the Office of Independent Counsel and the grand jury.I answered their questions truthfully, including questions about my private life, questions no American citizen would ever want to answer.Still, I must take complete responsibility for all my actions, both public and private. And that is why I am speaking to you tonight.As you know, in a deposition in January, I was asked questions about my relationship with Monica Lewinsky. While my answers were legally accurate, I did not volunteer information.Indeed, I did hav e a relationship with Miss Lewinsky that was not appropriate. In fact, it was wrong. It constituted a critical lapse in judgment and a personal failure on my part for which I am solely and completely responsible.But I told the grand jury today and I say to you now that at no time did I ask anyone to lie, to hide or destroy evidence or to take any other unlawful action.I know that my public comments and my silence about this matter gave a false impression. I misled people, including even my wife. I deeply regret that.I can only tell you I was motivated by many factors. First, by a desire to protect myself from the embarrassment of my own conduct.I was also very concerned about protecting my family. The fact that these questions were being asked in a politically inspired lawsuit, which has since been dismissed, was a consideration, too.In addition, I had real and serious concerns about an independent counsel investigation that began with private business dealings 20 years ago, dealing s I might add about which an independent federal agency found no evidence of any wrongdoing by me or my wife over two years ago.The independent counsel investigation moved on to my staff and friends, then into my private life. And now the investigation itself is under investigation.This has gone on too long, cost too much and hurt too many innocent people.Now, this matter is between me, the two people I love mostmy wife and our daughterand our God. I must put it right, and I am prepared to do whatever it takes to do so.Nothing is more important to me personally. But it is private, and I intend to reclaim my family life for my family. Its nobodys business but ours.Even presidents have private lives. It is time to stop the pursuit of personal destruction and the prying into private lives and get on with our national life.Our country has been distracted by this matter for too long, and I take my responsibility for my part in all of this. That is all I can do.Now it is timein fact, it i s past time to move on.We have important work to doreal opportunities to seize, real problems to solve, real security matters to face.And so tonight, I ask you to turn away from the spectacle of the past seven months, to repair the fabric of our national discourse, and to return our attention to all the challenges and all the promise of the next American century.Thank you for watching. And good night.(President Bill Clinton, televised speech to the American public, August 17, 1998) Pronunciation: AP-eh-LOW-je-eh